## Saturday, July 31, 2021

### A scheduling problem: a modeling approach

Here is a simple scheduling problem [1]:

• We have $$T$$ time periods (weeks)
• and $$N$$ jobs to be scheduled.
• Each job has a duration or processing time (again expressed in weeks), and a given resource (personnel) requirement during the execution of the job. This demand is expressed as: $$\color{darkblue}{\mathit{resource}}_{j,t}$$  where $$j$$ indicates the job and $$t$$ indicates the week since the start of the job.
• Not in [1], but I added them to make things a bit more realistic: we have some release dates indicating that a job may not start before a given date. A reason can be that raw material is not available before that date.
• Similarly, I added due dates: a job must finish before a given date.
• The objective is to minimize the maximum amount of resources we need over the whole planning period. We can think of this as the capacity we need (e.g. number of personnel).
In this post, I want to show a standard approach to model this problem and opposed to that, how I would attack this.

## Tuesday, July 27, 2021

### A variant of an assignment problem

In one [1], the following problem is sketched:

• We have different types of workers. In the data set below, I call them type-A and type-B workers.
• We need to assign workers to jobs.
• We have more workers than jobs, so we can execute all jobs.
• This is a standard assignment problem: \begin{align} \min &\sum_{w,j} \color{darkblue}c_{w,j} \color{darkred}x_{w,j}\\ & \sum_j \color{darkred}x_{w,j} \le 1 &&\forall w \\ & \sum_w \color{darkred}x_{w,j} = 1 && \forall j \\ & \color{darkred}x_{w,j} \in [0,1] \end{align}
• The complication is that we can form teams of two workers, one of type A and one of type B. Such a team can work faster and execute the job in less time.
• How to handle this?

I don't know how to handle this within an assignment problem, but stating this as a MIP allows us to make some progress. Allowing two persons to work on a job is easy. Just replace the second constraint by $1 \le \sum_w \color{darkred}x_{w,j} \le 2$ Unfortunately this ignores that we need one worker of each type in a team. Also, this makes it difficult to impose a cost for each specific team.

## Tuesday, July 20, 2021

### Spatial Equilibrium

Just a quick experiment with a small price-endogenous spatial equilibrium model.

In this problem, we consider commodities (goods) produced and consumed in different regions. We can trade between regions.

This price-endogenous spatial model will find both equilibrium prices, supplies, demand quantities, and trade patterns. Our model will have a connection with the transportation model. The difference is that we formulate the model as a system of complementarity constraints (no objective), with the duals explicitly in the model as variables. Or, in other words, we solve the KKT conditions.

I use a small data set from [3], and see if we can reproduce things.

## Monday, July 12, 2021

### GAMS Singleton Set Issue

There is a nasty problem with the singleton set in GAMS. A singleton set is a set that can contain only zero or one element. Adding more elements implies replacement. I don't use it very often. Here is a reason why.

Consider the small example:

 set i /i1*i20/; parameter p(i); p(i) = uniform(0,10); * find last element >= 5 scalar threshold /5/; singleton set k(i); loop(i,   k(i)\$(p(i)>=threshold) = yes; ); display p,k;

I would expect to see as output for k the last element in p(i) that is larger than 5. However, we see:

----     12 PARAMETER p

i1  1.717,    i2  8.433,    i3  5.504,    i4  3.011,    i5  2.922,    i6  2.241,    i7  3.498,    i8  8.563
i9  0.671,    i10 5.002,    i11 9.981,    i12 5.787,    i13 9.911,    i14 7.623,    i15 1.307,    i16 6.397
i17 1.595,    i18 2.501,    i19 6.689,    i20 4.354

----     12 SET k

( EMPTY )


## Monday, July 5, 2021

### Another sports schedule problem

 Wimbledon 2010 Mixed Doubles (source)

In [1] a question is asked about designing a sports schedule as follows:

• There are 16 players, 7 rounds, and 4 games per round.
• A game consists of 2 teams with 2 players per team.
• Each player has a rating. A team rating is the sum of the ratings of the two members.
• A player plays exactly one game in each round.
• A player can be partnered with another player only once.
• A player can play against another player only twice.
• Design a schedule that has the minimum difference in ratings between opposing teams.

I'll formulate two different models. One with a small number of binary variables. And one with a large number of binary variables. As we shall see the model with the larger number of variables will win.

## Wednesday, June 30, 2021

### Arranging points on a line

The problem stated in [1] is:

In the original problem, the poster talked about the distance between neighbors. But we don't know in advance what the neighboring points are. Of course, we can just generalize and talk about any two points.

This problem looks deceivingly simple. The modeling has some interesting angles.

We will attack this problem in different ways:
• An MINLP problem. The main idea is to get rid of the abs() function as this is non-differentiable.
• A MIP model using binary variables or SOS1 variables. Again, we reformulate the abs() function.
• Apply a fixing strategy to reduce the model complexity. Good solvers actually don't need this.
• A genetic algorithm (ga) approach.

## Saturday, June 12, 2021

### Median, quantiles and quantile regression as linear programming problems

Quantile regression is a bit of an exotic type of regression [1,2,3]. It can be seen as a generalization of $$\ell_1$$ or LAD regression [4], and just as LAD regression we can formulate and solve it as an LP.

First I want to discuss some preliminaries: how to find the median and the quantiles of a data vector $$\color{darkblue}y$$. That will give us the tools to formulate the quantile regression problem as an LP. The reason for adding these preliminary steps is to develop some intuition about how Quantile Regression problems are defined. I found that most papers just "define" the underlying optimization problem, without much justification. I hope to show with these small auxiliary models how we arrive at the Quantile Regression model. Along the way, we encounter some interesting titbits. I'll discuss a few details that papers typically glance over or even skip, but I find fascinating.

## Thursday, June 10, 2021

https://syncedreview.com/2021/06/07/deepmind-podracer-tpu-based-rl-frameworks-deliver-exceptional-performance-at-low-cost-35/

(The URL seems to have a confusing name: it is about automatic differentiation).

## Tuesday, June 8, 2021

### Portfolio optimization with risk as constraint?

The standard mean-variance portfolio optimization models have the form:

Model M1
\begin{align}\min\>&\color{darkred}{\mathit{Risk}}=\color{darkred}x^T\color{darkblue}Q\color{darkred}x\\ & \color{darkblue}r^T\color{darkred}x \ge \color{darkblue}{\mathit{MinimumReturn}} \\ &\sum_i \color{darkred}x_i = 1\\ & \color{darkred}x \ge 0\end{align}

or may be:
Model M2
\begin{align}\min\>&\color{darkred}z=\color{darkred}x^T\color{darkblue}Q\color{darkred}x - \color{darkblue}\lambda \cdot\color{darkblue}r^T\color{darkred}x\\ &\sum_i \color{darkred}x_i = 1\\ & \color{darkred}x \ge 0\end{align}

where
• $$\color{darkblue}Q$$ is a variance-covariance matrix (we assume here it is positive semi-definite [1]),
• $$\color{darkblue}\lambda$$ is an exogenous constant that sometimes is varied to draw an efficient frontier, and
• $$\color{darkblue}r$$ are the returns.

## Wednesday, June 2, 2021

### Total Least Squares: nonconvex optimization

Total Least Squares (TLS) is an alternative for OLS (Ordinary Least Squares). It is a form of orthogonal regression and also deals with the problem of EIV (Errors-in-Variables).

The standard OLS model is $\color{darkblue}y = \color{darkblue}X\color{darkred}\beta + \color{darkred}\varepsilon$ where we minimize the sum-of-squares of the residuals $\min ||\color{darkred}\varepsilon||_2^2$ We can interpret $$\color{darkred}\varepsilon$$ as the error in $$\color{darkblue}y$$.

In TLS, we also allow for errors in $$\color{darkblue}X$$. The model becomes $\color{darkblue}y+\color{darkred}\varepsilon=(\color{darkblue}X+\color{darkred}E)\color{darkred}\beta$ Note that we made a sign change in $$\color{darkred}\varepsilon$$. This is pure aesthetics: to make the equation more symmetric looking. The objective is specified as $\min \> ||\left(\color{darkred}\varepsilon \> \color{darkred}E\right)||_F$ i.e. the Frobenius norm of the matrix formed by $$\color{darkred}\varepsilon$$ and $$\color{darkred}E$$. The Frobenius norm is just $||A||_F=\sqrt{\sum_{i,j}a_{i,j}^2}$ We can drop the square root from the objective (the solution will remain the same, but we got rid of a non-linear function with a possible problem near zero: the gradient is not defined there). The remaining problem is a non-convex quadratic problem which can be solved with global MINLP solvers such as Baron or with a global quadratic solver like Gurobi.