Saturday, July 27, 2013

Duopoly Example

This example is taken from the book “Complementarity Modeling in Energy Markets.”

We have two firms i producing q(i). The total production Qtot is then defined by adding up these two quantities. Because of say transmission capacity or available drilling riggs, there is a limit on the total production Qtot. The cost function of each firm is linear: Cost(i) = γ(i)*q(i). The demand price P is determined by an inverse demand function of the form P=α-β*Qtot.

The two firms each face an optimization problem: maximize profit = revenue – cost. To combine the optimization problem of both agents we form the first-order conditions (KKT conditions) and combine these in one model. For details see the book.

A “scalar” model is given in the appendix of the book. The model does not use GAMS indexing so it is merely using GAMS as a calculator. Here is a GAMSified version:

$ontext

  
duopoly example

  
Reference:
     
Steven A. Gabriel, Antonio J. Conejo, J. David Fuller,
     
Benjamin F. Hobbs, Carlos Ruiz
     
Complementarity Modeling in Energy Markets
     
Springer 2012

$offtext

set
   i
/firm1,firm2/;

parameters

   gamma(i) 
'unit cost' /firm1 1, firm2 2/
   beta     
'coefficient inverse demand function' /5/
   alpha    
'coefficient inverse demand function' /10/
   Qmax     
'upper limit on total quantity produced' / 1.06 /
;

positive variables
   q(i)       
'production at each firm'
   lambda_MAX 
'dual of MaxQ constraint'
   P          
'price'
;
free variable
   Qtot 
'total production: automatic positive -- q(i) is positive'
;

equations
   FOCfirm(i) 
'first-order conditions: derivative of lagrangian wrt q(i)'
   MaxQ       
'max total production restriction'
   QDef       
'definition of Qtot (total production)'
   Demand     
'inverse demand function'
;

FOCFirm(i)..   0 =g= P - beta*q(i) - gamma(i) - lambda_MAX;
MaxQ..         Qmax =g= Qtot;
QDef..         Qtot =e=
sum(i, q(i));
Demand..       P =g= alpha - beta*Qtot;


model problem2 /

      
FOCfirm.q
      
MaxQ.lambda_MAX
      
QDef.QTot
      
Demand.P /;
solve
problem2 using mcp;

parameter
results(*,*,*);


$macro report(a) \
results(a,
'unit cost'
, i)       = gamma(i);      \
results(a,
'q'
,         i)       = q.l(i);        \
results(a,
'q',         'total'
) = Qtot.l;        \
results(a,
'q',         'max'
)   = Qmax;          \
results(a,
'p',         'total'
) = P.l;           \
results(a,
'dual',      'max'
)   = lambda_MAX.l;  \
display
results;


report(
'base case'
)

* experiments:

* make firm 2 very expensive
gamma(
'firm2') = 6;
solve
problem2 using mcp;
report(
'firm2 expensive'
)

* make firm 2 very cheap

gamma(
'firm2') = .5;
solve
problem2 using mcp;
report(
'firm2 cheap'
)

The results look like:

----     75 PARAMETER results 

                                firm1       firm2       total         max

base case      .unit cost       1.000       2.000
base case      .q               0.630       0.430       1.060       1.060
base case      .p                                       4.700
base case      .dual                                                0.550
firm2 expensive.unit cost       1.000       6.000
firm2 expensive.q               0.900                   0.900       1.060
firm2 expensive.p                                       5.500
firm2 cheap    .unit cost       1.000       0.500
firm2 cheap    .q               0.480       0.580       1.060       1.060
firm2 cheap    .p                                       4.700
firm2 cheap    .dual                                                1.300

Notes:

  • In the base case the capacity constraints is binding and we have a dual.
  • In the second case the capacity constraint is no longer binding and the dual is zero. Furthermore, firm 2 is too expensive to  make it worthwhile to produce anything (the unit cost is larger than the price).
  • If we make firm 2 very cheap we see that firm 1 stays in business. The capacity constraint effectively puts a floor on the price, and at this price firm 1 is still able to produce.
  • In the model, both firms share a single dual λ in the FOC equation.
  • This model is easily extended to more firms (no equations need to be changed), in which case we have a oligopoly.
  • Qtot is a free variable and we match it to a =e= constraint. We could also make it a positive variable. In that case we could make QDef a =g= equation.

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